Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that are important in managing the overall health of any equine. New scientific research indicates they may also be valuable in managing metabolic conditions.
Understanding Metabolic Disorders in Horses
Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is an endocrine condition associated with obesity and/or fatty deposits, insulin dysregulation, and a predisposition to laminitis.
EMS horses and ponies are often described as easy keepers who tend to become overweight. Common areas for fatty deposits include the crest area of the neck, tail, head, and shoulders.
While any breed may develop EMS, certain breeds seem more predisposed. Interestingly, Arabians, Donkeys, Warmbloods, Morgans, and Saddlebreds are among those at greater risk. EMS appears to be fairly uncommon in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. There seems to be no difference between the occurrence in males vs females; and generally affected animals are diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 15 years.
One of the key issues of EMS is related to the release and function of insulin; termed insulin dysregulation. Normally, insulin is released by the pancreas after eating a carbohydrate-containing meal and signals the body to take up sugar (glucose). In healthy tissues, insulin binds to cell membrane receptor cells and instructs them to take in these sugars. However, in unhealthy tissues, the signaling is less effective, and they fail to respond correctly. This, in turn, causes the pancreas to then release even more insulin to try and overcome this lack of response, resulting in high blood insulin levels. This is similar to the abnormalities that accompany type 2 diabetes in humans.
Long-term high blood insulin levels, along with inflammation and abnormal metabolic and hormonal states, can predispose the EMS horse to Laminitis. This serious condition is caused by the weakening of the tissues (laminae) that anchor the hoof wall to the bone in the hoof. Some horses may experience mild episodes that are not instantly recognized. These repeated mild bouts can cause cumulative damage over time, leading to more severe lameness. This demonstrates how vital early detection is.
So how can Omega 3 fatty acids help my horse?
Alleviate Chronic Inflammation
Fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties, which may help alleviate chronic inflammation associated with metabolic disorders.
Researchers found that DHA and EPA supplementation can potentially improve the ability of anti-inflammatory mechanisms to resolve the anti-inflammatory pathways involved in these conditions. However, this did not occur until 60 days after supplementation with EPA and DHA. (Christmann et al., 2021). This research finding gives us a clear indication of how important it is to ensure we provide long-term supplementation to maintain the benefits to these horses.
Enhance Insulin Sensitivity
DHA has also been shown to have the potential to enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation associated with metabolic conditions. By promoting insulin sensitivity, omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the effects of insulin resistance and improve glucose tolerance. However, more research is still needed to truly understand the mechanisms involved.(Brennan, et al. 2015)
In horses with insulin dysregulation and metabolic conditions, abnormal lipid profiles may be seen. Lipids include fats and hormones that act as energy storage components and chemical messengers. High levels of these circulating lipids can put horses at risk of additional concerns, such as liver dysfunction. Omega-3 fatty acids may influence lipid metabolism, which could assist in normalizing these profiles and reducing further complications.
Should I be worried that adding oil will make my horse fatter?
Providing Omega 3 sources rich in highly available EPA and DHA means that smaller amounts can still provide maximum benefits. This is ideal for EMS horses as the amount used is generally not significant enough to impact the overall calorie profile of the diet. As long as Omega 3 oils are included as part of an overall reduction in calories per day, weight gain should not be evident.
Ultimately, weight management is a critical part of EMS management. For overweight horses, adjusting practices to encourage healthy weight loss is ideal. These may include diet changes, increased activity, and sometimes even medication. However, supplementing a horse’s diet with omega-3s can help reduce inflammation, potentially improve insulin sensitivity, and support overall metabolic health, making them a vital component of a comprehensive EMS management plan.
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Brennan, K.M., D.E. Graugnard, M.L. Spry, et al. 2015. Effects of a docosahexaenoic acid–rich microalgae nutritional product on insulin sensitivity after prolonged dexamethasone treatment in healthy mature horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 76(10):889-896.
Christmann, U., C.L. Courtney, C.M. Poole, A.L. Emery, J.R. Poovey, C. Hagg, E.A. Mattson, J.J. Scarborough, J.S. Christopher, A.T. Dixon, D.J. Craney, and P.L. Wood. 2021. Dynamics of DHA and EPA supplementation: incorporation into equine plasma, synovial fluid, and surfactant glycerophosphocholines. Metabolomics 17(5):41.
